Polarizer and polarizing plate including same

ABSTRACT

Provided are a polarizer that resists red discoloration in a heat resistance test even when it has a small thickness, and a polarizing plate including the polarizer. The polarizer includes a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer and iodine adsorbed and oriented in the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer, and has a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm and a ratio of a retardation of iodine to a retardation of polyvinyl alcohol greater than or equal to 0.38.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a polarizer and a polarizing plate includingthe same.

BACKGROUND ART

Polarizing plates are widely used in displays such as liquid crystaldisplays and, particularly in recent years, in a variety of mobiledevices such as smart phones and slate PCs. For use in mobile devices,polarizing plates are increasingly required to be thin and light. On theother hand, polarizing plates are also required to have high heatresistance.

However, conventional polarizing plates can cause a problem called “reddiscoloration,” in which light in the red region leaks from polarizingplates having undergone a heat resistance test (generally at 80 to 85°C. for 500 to 750 hours). Various methods have been proposed to suppressdiscoloration such as red discoloration.

Conventional methods for suppressing discoloration or decoloration ofpolarizers include, for example, a method of adding sulfate ions topolarizers (PTD 1); a method in which a process of immersing a film inan aqueous solution with a pH adjusted in a specific region is added toa polarizer producing process (PTDs 2 and 3); a method of forming aspecific protective layer on a polarizer (PTD 4); a method ofcontrolling the ratio between the contents of iodine and potassium in apolarizer (PTD 5); a method of improving the orientation of I₃ ⁻adsorbed in a polarizer (PTD 6); and a method of adding zinc ions to apolarizer (PTDs 7 to 9).

In this regard, PTDs 10 to 12 disclose that the amount of variations inthe retardation Rpva of polyvinyl alcohol is used as a measure of theuniformity of a polarizer. In these literatures, however, only Rpva isused for the definition and there is no description on the orientationof iodine (the retardation Ri of iodine).

CITATION LIST Patent Document PTD 1: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No.2009-193047 PTD 2: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2009-282137 PTD 3:Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2008-070571 PTD 4: Japanese PatentLaying-Open No. 2008-065222 PTD 5: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No.2007-114581 PTD 6: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-341503

PTD 7: Japanese Patent Publication No. S60-033245PTD 8: Japanese Patent Publication No. H02-034001

PTD 9: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-035512 PTD 10: JapanesePatent Laying-Open No. 2010-152374 PTD 11: Japanese Patent Laying-OpenNo. 2012-008234 PTD 12: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2012-014001SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problems

As mentioned above, various methods capable of suppressing reddiscoloration are proposed. However, red discoloration can easily occurparticularly in a polarizer with a small thickness, and the abovemethods are not considered to be sufficient measures to suppress the reddiscoloration of such a polarizer. In addition, the method of addingzinc ions raises other problems such as irritation to skin,environmental impact of waste water, and precipitation of zinc on thesurface of a polarizer.

It is an object of the invention to provide a polarizer that resists reddiscoloration in a heat resistance test even when having a smallthickness and to provide a polarizing plate including such a polarizer.

Solutions to Problems

The invention provides the following polarizer and polarizing plate.

[1] A polarizer, including: a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer; andiodine adsorbed and oriented in the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer,the polarizer having a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm and a ratioof a retardation of iodine to a retardation of polyvinyl alcohol greaterthan or equal to 0.38.

[2] A polarizing plate including the polarizer according to [1].

[3] The polarizing plate according to [2], further including aprotective film bonded to at least one surface of the polarizer.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

When subjected to a heat resistance test, the polarizer and thepolarizing plate of the invention can resist red discoloration andmaintain neutral display although the thickness of the polarizer is assmall as less than or equal to 10 μm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a polarizing plate according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example ofthe layered structure of a polarizing plate according to the invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a preferred example of a method forproducing a polarizing plate according to the invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a laminated film obtained in a resin layer formingstep.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a stretched film obtained in a stretching step.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a polarizing laminated film obtained in a dyeingstep.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a laminate film obtained in a first bonding step.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

<Polarizer and Polarizing Plate>

(1) Basic Structure of Polarizing Plate

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of alayered structure of a polarizing plate according to the invention. Asshown in FIG. 1, a polarizing plate 1 according to the invention mayinclude a polarizer 5 with a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm, afirst protective film 10 disposed on one surface of polarizer 5 with afirst adhesive layer 15 interposed therebetween, and a second protectivefilm 20 disposed on the other surface of polarizer 5 with a secondadhesive layer 25 interposed therebetween. Polarizing plate 1 mayfurther include an additional layer, such as any other optical functionlayer or pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, disposed on first protectivefilm 10 and/or second protective film 20.

As shown in FIG. 2, the polarizing plate of the invention may also be asingle side protective film-bearing polarizing plate 2 including apolarizer 5 with a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm and a firstprotective film 10 disposed on one surface of polarizer 5 with a firstadhesive layer 15 interposed therebetween. Single side protectivefilm-bearing polarizing plate 2 may further include an additional layer,such as any other optical function layer or pressure-sensitive adhesivelayer, disposed on first protective film 10 and/or polarizer 5.

(2) Retardation Properties of Polarizer

In a first embodiment, the polarizing plate of the invention includes apolarizer that includes a uniaxially stretched polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layer and iodine adsorbed and oriented in the layer and has athickness less than or equal to 10 μm, in which the polarizer has aratio (Ri/Rpva) of a retardation (Ri) of iodine to a retardation (Rpva)of polyvinyl alcohol greater than or equal to 0.38. Ri/Rpva ispreferably greater than or equal to 0.40, more preferably greater thanor equal to 0.44. Since the thickness of polarizer 5 is as thin as lessthan or equal to 10 μm, water could come in and go out of polarizer 5significantly faster than in and out of a conventional, relatively thickpolarizer (about 35 μm in thickness), so that polarizer 5 could easilyundergo red discoloration. However, even when subjected to a heatresistance test (generally at 80 to 85° C. for 500 to 750 hours), thepolarizing plate of the invention having such retardation propertiesresists red discoloration, maintains neutral display, and has high heatresistance. Such high heat resistance (resistance to red discoloration)lasts for a long period of time even when the polarizing plate ispractically used in a display such as a liquid crystal display.

In order to allow a thin film polarizer with a thickness less than orequal to 10 μm to resist red discoloration, the inventor has conducted astudy to stabilize an iodine-polyvinyl alcohol complex by improving theorientation of polyvinyl alcohol. As a result, red discoloration couldnot be prevented only by improving the orientation of polyvinyl alcohol.As a result of a further study, it has been found that even when theorientation of polyvinyl alcohol is too high, the orientation of iodineis not always high. The reason for this may be as follows.

Polyvinyl alcohol, a crystalline polymer, has a crystal part (lamella),and this crystal part produces a retardation, so that the orientation ofpolyvinyl alcohol can be locally very high. It is suggested that, inparticular, stretching methods can significantly grow the crystallamella so that the measured degree of orientation can be significantlyincreased whereas the orientation of the amorphous part cannot be soincreased due to the influence of too many crystal crosslink points. Inparticular, the amorphous part of polyvinyl alcohol is involved in theformation of an iodine-polyvinyl alcohol complex capable of producing along-wavelength absorption band. Therefore, in order to stabilize andnot to degrade the long-wavelength absorption band, it is necessary toincrease the orientation of the polyvinyl alcohol chain in the amorphouspart and not to increase the crystal part so much.

The inventor has accomplished the invention based on the finding thatwhen the ratio of the retardation of iodine to the retardation ofpolyvinyl alcohol is greater than or equal to 0.38 in a case where theorientation of iodine and the orientation of polyvinyl alcohol are bothhigh, the iodine-polyvinyl alcohol complex is stabilized and resists reddiscoloration under heating.

In this regard, the retardation (Rpva) of polyvinyl alcohol and theretardation (Ri) of iodine can be determined by the measurement ofretardation values in a wavelength region with no absorption band ofiodine. Specifically, retardation values are measured at two or morewavelengths greater than or equal to 850 nm, and the measuredretardation values R(λ) are plotted against the wavelengths (λ). Theplots are subjected to fitting of the Sellmeier formula below by leastsquares method. In the formula, A and B are fitting parameters and arecoefficients determined by least squares method.

R(λ)=A+B/(λ²−600²)

In this case, the retardation value R(λ) can be separated into theretardation (Rpva) of polyvinyl alcohol with no wavelength dependenceand the retardation (Ri) of iodine with strong wavelength dependence asshown below.

Rpva=A

Ri=B/(λ²−600²)

The retardation of polyvinyl alcohol and the retardation of iodine at awavelength λ of 1,000 nm can be calculated based on the separationformulae.

(3) Polarizing Properties of Polarizing Plate or Polarizer

The polarizing performance of the polarizing plate or the polarizer canbe generally expressed by values called single transmittance and degreeof polarization, and the single transmittance and the degree ofpolarization are defined by the following formulae, respectively.

Single transmittance (λ)=0.5×(Tp(λ)+Tc(λ))

Degree (λ) of polarization=100×(Tp(λ)−Tc(λ))/(Tp(λ)+Tc(λ))

In the formulae, Tp(λ) is the transmittance (%) of the polarizing plateor the polarizer measured in a parallel Nicols relationship with theincident linearly-polarized light with a wavelength λ nm, and Tc(λ) isthe transmittance (%) of the polarizing plate or the polarizer measuredin a crossed Nicols relationship with the incident linearly-polarizedlight with a wavelength λ nm. Tp(λ) and Tc(λ) are measured values bothobtained by polarized ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy with aspectrophotometer. The values obtained by multiplying, by a sensitivitycorrection factor called a visibility correction factor, the singletransmittance (λ) and the degree (λ) of polarization determined at eachwavelength are called the visibility correction single transmittance(Ty) and the visibility correction degree (Py) of polarization,respectively. The Ty and Py values can be easily measured with, forexample, an absorption photometer (Model No. V7100) manufactured byJASCO Corporation.

The polarizing plate or the polarizer according to the inventionpreferably has a visibility correction single transmittance (Ty) greaterthan or equal to 40.0% and a visibility correction degree (Py) ofpolarization greater than or equal to 99% in order to ensure high imageclarity when the polarizing plate is used in a display such as a liquidcrystal display.

(4) Polarizer

Polarizer 5 may include a uniaxially stretched polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layer and iodine adsorbed and oriented in the layer. In theinvention, polarizer 5 has a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm,preferably less than or equal to 7 μm. Setting the thickness ofpolarizer 5 to less than or equal to 10 μm can make polarizing plate 1or 2 thin, while red discoloration in a heat resistance test can beeffectively suppressed according to the invention even when suchpolarizer 5 of thin film is used.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin used to form the polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer may be a product obtained by saponifying apolyvinyl acetate-based resin. Examples of the polyvinyl acetate-basedresin include polyvinyl acetate that is a homopolymer of vinyl acetate,and a copolymer of vinyl acetate and any other monomer polymerizabletherewith. Examples of any other monomer polymerizable with vinylacetate include unsaturated carboxylic acids, olefins, vinyl ethers,unsaturated sulfonic acids, and ammonium group-containing acrylamides.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is subjected to film formation to formpolarizer 5. The method for subjecting the polyvinyl alcohol-based resinto film formation is not particularly limited and may be a known method.In order to easily form polarizer 5 with a desired thickness, a solutionof the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is preferably applied onto asubstrate film to form a film.

Polarizer 5 needs to have undergone stretching for orientation.Polarizer 5 preferably is stretched to a stretch ratio of more than 5,more preferably to a stretch ratio of more than 5 and less than or equalto 17.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may have a saponification degree inthe range of 80.0 to 100.0 mol %, preferably in the range of 90.0 to99.5 mol %, more preferably in the range of 94.0 to 99.0 mol %. If thesaponification degree is less than 80.0 mol %, resulting polarizingplate 1 or 2 may have reduced resistance to water and moist heat. If thepolyvinyl alcohol-based resin used has a saponification degree greaterthan 99.5 mol %, the speed of dyeing the resin may be low so that theproductivity may decrease and resulting polarizer 5 may fail to havesufficient polarizing performance.

The saponification degree is a unit ratio (mol %) representing a rate ofconversion from acetic acid groups (acetoxy groups (—OCOCH₃)) in apolyvinyl acetate-based resin as a raw material for the polyvinylalcohol-based resin into hydroxyl groups by a saponification process.This is defined by the following formula:

Saponification degree (mol %)=100×(the number of hydroxyl groups)/(thenumber of hydroxyl groups+the number of acetic acid groups)

The saponification degree can be determined according to JIS K 6726(1994). The higher saponification degree indicates the higher hydroxylgroup content and thus indicates the lower content of acetic acid groupscapable of inhibiting crystallization.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may be a modified polyvinyl alcoholobtained by partially modifying polyvinyl alcohol. Examples of themodified polyvinyl alcohol include those obtained by modifying polyvinylalcohol-based resin with an olefin such as ethylene or propylene, anunsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, orcrotonic acid, an alkyl ester of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, oracrylamide. The modification rate is preferably less than 30 mol %, morepreferably less than 10%. If the modification is performed at a rategreater than 30 mol %, the modified product can resist adsorption ofiodine so that resulting polarizer 5 may fail to have sufficientpolarizing performance.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin preferably has an averagepolymerization degree of 100 to 10,000, more preferably 1,500 to 8,000,even more preferably 2,000 to 5,000. The average polymerization degreeof the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin can be determined according to JISK 6726 (1994).

Examples of commercially available products of the polyvinylalcohol-based resin preferably used in the invention include PVA 124(saponification degree: 98.0-99.0 mol %), PVA 117 (saponificationdegree: 98.0-99.0 mol %), PVA 624 (saponification degree: 95.0-96.0 mol%), and PVA 617 (saponification degree: 94.5-95.5 mol %) manufactured byKURARAY CO., LTD.; AH-26 (saponification degree: 97.0-98.8 mol %), AH-22(saponification degree: 97.5-98.5 mol %), NH-18 (saponification degree:98.0-99.0 mol %), and N-300 (saponification degree: 98.0-99.0 mol %)manufactured by The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; andJC-33 (saponification degree: greater than or equal to 99.0 mol %),JM-33 (saponification degree: 93.5-95.5 mol %), JM-26 (saponificationdegree: 95.5-97.5 mol %), JP-45 (saponification degree: 86.5-89.5 mol%), JF-17 (saponification degree: 98.0-99.0 mol %), JF-17L(saponification degree: 98.0-99.0 mol %), and JF-20 (saponificationdegree: 98.0-99.0 mol %) manufactured by JAPAN VAM & POVAL CO., LTD.,all of them are trade names.

(5) First and Second Protective Films

First and second protective films 10 and 20 are each a transparent resinfilm including a thermoplastic resin, such as a polyolefin-based resinsuch as an acyclic polyolefin-based resin (such as a polypropylene-basedresin) or a cyclic polyolefin-based resin (such as a norbornene-basedresin); a cellulose ester-based resin such as cellulose triacetate orcellulose diacetate; a polyester-based resin such as polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, or polybutylene terephthalate;a polycarbonate-based resin; a (meth)acrylic resin; or any mixture orcopolymer thereof. First and second protective films 10 and 20 may be ofthe same or different types.

Cyclic polyolefin-based resin is a generic name for resins obtained bypolymerization of cyclic olefins as polymerization units, such as resinsdisclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open Nos. H01-240517, H03-14882, andH03-122137.

Specific examples of the cyclic polyolefin-based resin includering-opened (co)polymers of cyclic olefins, addition polymers of cyclicolefins, copolymers (typically random copolymers) of cyclic olefins andchain olefins such as ethylene and propylene, graft polymers obtained bymodifying these polymers with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or aderivative thereof, and hydrides thereof. In particular,norbornene-based resins produced using a norbornene monomer, such asnorbornene or a polycyclic norbornene monomer, as the cyclic olefin arepreferably used. Various products of cyclic polyolefin-based resin arecommercially available. Examples of commercially available products ofcyclic polyolefin-based resin include Topas (manufactured by TopasAdvanced Polymers GmbH and available from Polyplastics Co., Ltd.), ARTON(manufactured by JSR Corporation), ZEONOR (manufactured by ZeonCorporation), ZEONEX (manufactured by Zeon Corporation), and APEL(manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.), all of them are trade names.

The protective film may also be a commercially available productproduced by forming cyclic polyolefin-based resin into a film, such asEscena (manufactured by SEKISUI CHEMICAL CO., LTD.), SCA40 (manufacturedby SEKISUI CHEMICAL CO., LTD.), and ZEONOR Film (manufactured by ZeonCorporation), all of them are trade names.

The cellulose ester-based resin is an ester of cellulose and a fattyacid. Specific examples of the cellulose ester-based resin includecellulose triacetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose tripropionate, andcellulose dipropionate. Copolymers of these resins or resins obtained bypartially modifying the hydroxyl groups of these resins with othersubstituents may also be used. Among them, cellulose triacetate(triacetylcellulose (TAC)) is particularly preferred. There are manycommercially available products of cellulose triacetate, and theproducts are also advantageous in terms of easy availability and cost.Examples of commercially available products of cellulose triacetateinclude FUJITAC TD80 (manufactured by FUJIFILM Corporation), FUJITACTD80UF (manufactured by FUJIFILM Corporation), FUJITAC TD80UZ(manufactured by FUJIFILM Corporation), FUJITAC TD40UZ (manufactured byFUJIFILM Corporation), KC8UX2M (manufactured by Konica Minolta Opto Co.,Ltd.), and KC4UY (manufactured by Konica Minolta Opto Co., Ltd.).

First protective film 10 and/or second productive film 20 may be aprotective film capable of also having an optical function such as aretardation film or a brightness enhancement film. For example, thetransparent resin film made of the above material may be stretched(uniaxially or biaxially stretched) or coated with a liquid crystallayer to form a retardation film with a desired retardation value.

A surface treatment layer (coating layer) such as a hard coat layer, anantiglare layer, an antireflection layer, an antistatic layer, or anantifouling layer may also be formed on the surface of first protectivefilm 10 and/or second protective film 20 opposite to polarizer 5. Themethod used to form the surface treatment layer on the protective filmsurface is not particularly limited and may be a known method.

The thickness of first and second protective films 10 and 20 ispreferably as thin as possible for the reduction of the thickness ofpolarizing plates 1 and 2. However, if first and second protective films10 and 20 are too thin, they will have reduced strength and poorworkability. Therefore, first and second protective films 10 and 20preferably have a thickness of 5 to less than or equal to 90 μm, morepreferably 5 to 60 μm, even more preferably 5 to 50 μm.

(6) First and Second Adhesive Layers

The adhesive used to form first and second adhesive layers 15 and 25 maybe a water-based adhesive or a photo-curable adhesive. The adhesive usedto form first adhesive layer 15 and the adhesive used to form secondadhesive layer 25 may be of the same or different types.

The water-based adhesive may be a two-component, aqueous polyurethaneemulsion adhesive or an adhesive including a polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin aqueous solution. In particular, a water-based adhesive includinga polyvinyl alcohol-based resin aqueous solution is preferably used.

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin may be a vinyl alcohol homopolymerobtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate that is a homopolymer of vinylacetate; a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer obtained by saponifying acopolymer of vinyl acetate and any other monomer copolymerizabletherewith; or a modified polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer obtained bypartially modifying the hydroxyl groups of these polymers. Thewater-based adhesive may contain an additive such as a polyvalentaldehyde, a water-soluble epoxy compound, a melamine compound, azirconia compound, or a zinc compound. When the water-based adhesive isused, the adhesive layer made from the adhesive generally has athickness less than or equal to 1 μm.

The method for bonding polarizer 5 and the protective film together withthe water-based adhesive is not particularly limited and may be a methodthat includes uniformly applying or casting the water-based adhesiveonto a bonding surface of one film, placing the other film on the coatedsurface, bonding the films by means of a roller or the like, and dryingthe resulting laminate. After prepared, the water-based adhesive isgenerally applied at a temperature of 15 to 40° C. and bonded at atemperature generally in the range of 15 to 30° C.

When the water-based adhesive is used, the step of drying the bondedfilms is preferably performed to remove water from the water-basedadhesive after the bonding. The drying may be performed, for example, byintroducing the laminated film into a drying furnace. The dryingtemperature (the temperature of the drying furnace) is preferably 30 to90° C. If it is lower than 30° C., the protective film tends to easilyseparate from polarizer 5. If the drying temperature exceeds 90° C., thepolarizing performance of polarizer 5 may be degraded by heat. Thedrying time may be about 10 to about 1,000 seconds.

The drying step may be followed by the step of aging at room temperatureor a temperature slightly higher than room temperature, such as atemperature of about 20 to about 45° C., for about 12 to about 600hours. The aging temperature is generally set lower than the dryingtemperature.

The term “photo-curable adhesive” refers to an adhesive capable of beingcured by exposure to active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays,examples of which may include an adhesive containing a polymerizablecompound and a photopolymerization initiator, an adhesive containing aphotoreactive resin, and an adhesive containing a binder resin and aphotoreactive cross-linking agent. Examples of the polymerizablecompound include a photo-curable monomer such as a photo-curable epoxymonomer, a photo-curable acrylic monomer, or a photo-curable urethanemonomer, and an oligomer derived from a photo-polymerizable monomer.Examples of the photopolymerization initiator may include materialscapable of producing active species such as neutral, anion, or cationradicals upon exposure to active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays. Aphoto-curable adhesive containing a photo-curable epoxy monomer and aphoto-cationic polymerization initiator is preferably used as thephoto-curable adhesive containing a polymerizable compound and aphotopolymerization initiator.

The method for bonding polarizer 5 and the protective film together withthe photo-curable adhesive is, for example, but not particularly limitedto, a method that includes applying the photo-curable adhesive to abonding surface of one film by casting, Meyer bar coating, gravurecoating, comma coater method, doctor blade method, die coating, dipcoating, spray coating, or other coating methods, then placing polarizer5 and the protective film on each other, and allowing them to passbetween nip rolls or other means to bond them. Casting is a method inwhich while a film to be coated is moved in a substantially verticaldirection, a substantially horizontal direction, or an oblique directionbetween them, the adhesive is poured and spread on the bonding surface.After the bonding with nip rolls or other means, the adhesive layerpreferably has a thickness greater than or equal to 0.01 μm and lessthan or equal to 5 μm before the adhesive layer is dried or cured.

When the photo-curable adhesive is used, the bonding described above isoptionally followed by a drying step (for example, in a case where thephoto-curable adhesive contains a solvent), and then a curing step isperformed in which the photo-curable adhesive is cured by exposure toactive energy rays. The light source for the active energy rays ispreferably, but not particularly limited to, an active energy ray sourcehaving an emission distribution at a wavelength less than or equal to400 nm. Specifically, a low-pressure mercury lamp, a medium-pressuremercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, an ultrahigh-pressuremercury lamp, a chemical lamp, a black light lamp, a microwave-excitedmercury lamp, or a metal halide lamp is preferably used.

The intensity of irradiation of the photo-curable adhesive isdetermined, as appropriate, depending on the composition of thephoto-curable adhesive. The irradiation intensity is preferably selectedso as to be 0.1 to 6,000 mW/cm² in the wavelength region effective forthe activation of the polymerization initiator. When the irradiationintensity is greater than or equal to 0.1 mW/cm², the reaction time willbe not too long, and when it is less than or equal to 6,000 mW/cm², heatradiated from the light source and generation of heat during the curingof the photo-curable adhesive will be less likely to cause yellowing ofthe photo-curable adhesive or degradation of the polarizer.

The time of irradiation of the photo-curable adhesive is alsodetermined, as appropriate, depending on the composition of thephoto-curable adhesive. Preferably, the irradiation time is so selectedthat the integrated light amount expressed as the product of theirradiation intensity and the irradiation time is 10 to 10,000 mJ/cm².When the integrated light amount is greater than or equal to 10 mJ/cm²,a sufficient amount of active species can be produced from thepolymerization initiator so that the curing reaction can be allowed toproceed more reliably. When it is less than or equal to 10,000 mJ/cm²,the irradiation time will be not too long so that good productivity canbe maintained.

In this regard, after the exposure to the active energy rays, theadhesive layer generally has a thickness of about 0.001 to about 5 μm,preferably 0.01 to 2 μm, more preferably 0.01 to 1

(7) Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Layer

A pressure-sensitive adhesive layer for bonding the polarizing plate toany other member (such as a liquid crystal cell for use in a liquidcrystal display) may also be disposed on first or second protective film10 or 20 in polarizing plate 1 shown in FIG. 1 or on polarizer 5 insingle side protective film-bearing polarizing plate 2 shown in FIG. 2.The pressure-sensitive adhesive used to form the pressure-sensitiveadhesive layer generally includes a pressure-sensitive adhesivecomposition produced by adding a cross-linking agent such as anisocyanate compound, an epoxy compound, or an aziridine compound to a(meth)acrylic resin, a styrene-based resin, a silicone-based resin, orany other base polymer. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer mayfurther contain fine particles to have light-scattering properties.

Although the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may have a thickness of 1to 40 μm, it is preferably applied as thin as possible as long as itsproperties such as workability and durability are not impaired.Specifically, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer preferably has athickness of 3 to 25 μm. The thickness of 3 to 25 μm is also preferredin order to provide good workability and control dimensional changes ofpolarizer 5. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer with a thickness lessthan 1 μm may have reduced tackiness, and the pressure-sensitiveadhesive layer with a thickness greater than 40 μm may easily cause adefect such as oozing of the pressure-sensitive adhesive.

The method for forming the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is notparticularly limited. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may beformed by applying a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition(pressure-sensitive adhesive solution) to the surface of the protectivefilm or the polarizer, wherein the composition includes the respectivecomponents including the base polymer mentioned above, and drying thecomposition. Alternatively, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may beformed on a separator (release film) and then transferred onto thesurface of the protective film or the polarizing film. If necessary, asurface treatment such as a corona treatment may be performed on atleast one of the surface of the protective film or the polarizer and thesurface of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer in the process offorming the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on the surface of theprotective film or the polarizer.

The polarizing plate may further include an additional optical layerdisposed on the protective film or the polarizer. The additional opticallayer may be, for example, a reflective polarizing film capable oftransmitting a certain type of polarized light and reflecting polarizedlight of a type reverse thereto; a film with an antiglare functionhaving irregularities on its surface; a film with a surfacereflection-preventing function; a reflective film having a surfacereflecting function; a translucent reflective film having bothreflecting and transmitting functions; or a viewing angle compensationfilm.

Examples of a commercially available product corresponding to thereflective polarizing film capable of transmitting a certain type ofpolarized light and reflecting polarized light of a type reverse theretoinclude DBEF (manufactured by 3M Company and available from Sumitomo 3MLimited in Japan) and APF (manufactured by 3M Company and available fromSumitomo 3M Limited in Japan).

Examples of the viewing angle compensation film include an opticalcompensation film having a liquid crystalline compound applied,oriented, and fixed onto the surface of a substrate, a retardation filmincluding a polycarbonate-based resin, and a retardation film includinga cyclic polyolefin-based resin.

Examples of a commercially available product corresponding to theoptical compensation film having a liquid crystalline compound applied,oriented, and fixed onto the surface of a substrate include WV Film(manufactured by FUJIFILM Corporation), NH Film (manufactured by JXNippon Oil & Energy Corporation), and NR Film (manufactured by JX NipponOil & Energy Corporation).

Examples of a commercially available product corresponding to theretardation film including a cyclic polyolefin-based resin include ARTONFilm (manufactured by JSR Corporation), Escena (manufactured by SEKISUICHEMICAL CO., LTD.), and ZEONOR Film (manufactured by Zeon Corporation).

<Method of Producing Polarizer and Polarizing Plate>

The polarizer and the polarizing plate of the invention are preferablyproduced by the method shown in FIG. 3. The method for producing thepolarizing plate shown in FIG. 3 includes, in order, the followingsteps:

(1) a resin layer forming step S10 that includes applying a polyvinylalcohol-based resin-containing coating liquid to at least one surface ofa substrate film and then drying the coating to form a polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer, so that a laminated film is obtained;

(2) a stretching step S20 that includes stretching the laminated film toobtain a stretched film;

(3) a dyeing step S30 that includes dyeing the polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layer of the stretched film with iodine to form a polarizer, sothat a polarizing laminated film is obtained;

(4) a first bonding step S40 that includes bonding a first protectivefilm onto the polarizer of the polarizing laminated film to obtain alaminate film; and

(5) a peeling step S50 that includes peeling off the substrate film fromthe laminate film to obtain a single side protective film-bearingpolarizing plate.

When a double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate 1 shown inFIG. 1 is produced, the method further includes, after peeling step S50,

(6) a second bonding step S60 that includes bonding a second protectivefilm to the surface of the polarizer of the single side protectivefilm-bearing polarizing plate.

Hereinafter, each step will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 to 7.

(1) Resin Layer Forming Step S10

Referring to FIG. 4, this step includes forming a polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer 6 on at least one surface of a substrate film30 to obtain a laminated film 100. Polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6is to be turned into a polarizer 5 through stretching step S20 anddyeing step S30. Polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 can be formed byapplying a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin-containing coating liquid toone or both surfaces of substrate film 30 and drying the coating layer.Such a method of forming the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer bycoating is advantageous in that it can easily form polarizer 5 of thinfilm.

[Substrate Film]

Substrate film 30 may include a thermoplastic resin. In particular,substrate film 30 preferably includes a thermoplastic resin with a highlevel of transparency, mechanical strength, thermal stability,stretchability, and other properties. Specific examples of such athermoplastic resin include a polyolefin-based resin such as an acyclicpolyolefin-based resin or a cyclic polyolefin-based resin (such as anorbornene-based resin), a polyester-based resin, a (meth)acrylic resin,a cellulose ester-based resin such as cellulose triacetate or cellulosediacetate, a polycarbonate-based resin, a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin,a polyvinyl acetate-based resin, a polyarylate-based resin, apolystyrene-based resin, a polyethersulfone-based resin, apolysulfone-based resin, a polyamide-based resin, a polyimide-basedresin, and mixtures or copolymers thereof.

Substrate film 30 may be a monolayer structure including a single resinlayer of one or more thermoplastic resins or may be a multilayerstructure including a stack of two or more resin layers each includingone or more thermoplastic resins. Substrate film 30 preferably includesa resin capable of being stretched at a temperature suitable for thestretching of polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 at the stretching oflaminated film 100 in stretching step S20 as described below.

The acyclic polyolefin-based resin may be a homopolymer of a acyclicolefin, such as a polyethylene resin or a polypropylene resin, or acopolymer of two or more acyclic olefins. Substrate film 30 includingthe acyclic polyolefin-based resin is preferable in that it can bestably stretched to a high ratio. In particular, substrate film 30 morepreferably includes a polypropylene-based resin (a polypropylene resinas a homopolymer of propylene or a propylene-based copolymer) or apolyethylene-based resin (a polyethylene resin as a homopolymer ofethylene or an ethylene-based copolymer).

The propylene-based copolymer, as an example of the thermoplastic resinpreferably used to form substrate film 30, is a copolymer of propyleneand any other monomer polymerizable therewith.

Examples of any other monomer polymerizable with propylene includeethylene and an α-olefin. The α-olefin is preferably an α-olefin havinggreater than or equal to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably an α-olefinhaving 4 to 10 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the α-olefin having 4to 10 carbon atoms include linear monoolefins such as 1-butene,1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, and 1-decene; branchedmonoolefins such as 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, and4-methyl-1-pentene; and vinylcyclohexane. The copolymer of propylene andany other monomer copolymerizable therewith may be a random copolymer ora block copolymer.

The content of any other monomer in the copolymer is 0.1 to 20% byweight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight. The content of any othermonomer in the copolymer can be determined by performing infrared (IR)spectroscopy according to the method described on page 616 of KobunshiBunseki Handbook (Polymer Analysis Handbook), 1995, published byKINOKUNIYA COMPANY LTD.

Among the above, a homopolymer of propylene, a propylene-ethylene randomcopolymer, a propylene-1-butene random copolymer, or apropylene-ethylene-1-butene random copolymer is preferably used as thepolypropylene-based resin.

The polypropylene-based resin preferably has substantially isotactic orsyndiotactic stereoregularity. When including the polypropylene-basedresin having substantially isotactic or syndiotactic stereoregularity,substrate film 30 has relatively high handleability and high mechanicalstrength under a high-temperature environment.

The polyester-based resin is a resin having ester bonds, and generallyincludes a polycondensate of a polyvalent carboxylic acid or aderivative thereof and a polyhydric alcohol. The polyvalent carboxylicacid or the derivative thereof may be a dicarboxylic acid or aderivative thereof, examples of which include terephthalic acid,isophthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and dimethylnaphthalenedicarboxylate. The polyhydric alcohol may be a diol (dihydricalcohol), examples of which include ethylene glycol, propanediol,butanediol, neopentyl glycol, and cyclohexanedimethanol.

A typical example of the polyester-based resin includes polyethyleneterephthalate, which is a polycondensate of terephthalic acid andethylene glycol. Although polyethylene terephthalate is a crystallineresin, it may be used before undergoing crystallization so that it caneasily undergo stretching and other processes. If necessary,polyethylene terephthalate may undergo crystallization during stretchingor other processes such as a heat treatment after stretching. Acopolymerized polyester is also preferably used. Such a copolymerizedpolyester is obtained by copolymerizing an additional different monomerinto the skeleton of polyethylene terephthalate so that thecrystallinity is reduced (or the polymer is made amorphous). Examples ofsuch a resin include resins obtained by copolymerization withcyclohexanedimethanol or isophthalic acid. These resins are alsopreferably used because of their high stretchability.

Specific examples of the polyester-based resin other than polyethyleneterephthalate and copolymers thereof include polybutylene terephthalate,polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polytrimethyleneterephthalate, polytrimethylene naphthalate, polycyclohexane dimethylterephthalate, polycyclohexane dimethyl naphthalate, and mixtures andcopolymers thereof.

The (meth)acrylic resin is a resin including a (meth)acryloylgroup-containing compound as a main monomer component. Specific examplesof the (meth)acrylic resin include poly(meth)acrylates such aspolymethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate-(meth)acrylic acidcopolymers, methyl methacrylate-(meth)acrylate copolymers, methylmethacrylate-acrylate-(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, methyl(meth)acrylate-styrene copolymers (such as MS resins), and copolymers ofmethyl methacrylate and an alicyclic hydrocarbon group-containingcompound (such as methyl methacrylate-cyclohexyl methacrylate copolymersand methyl methacrylate-norbornyl (meth)acrylate copolymers). A polymercomposed mainly of poly(C₁₋₆ alkyl (meth)acrylate) such as polymethyl(meth)acrylate is preferably used, and a methyl methacrylate-based resinmainly composed of methyl methacrylate (50 to 100% by weight, preferably70 to 100% by weight) is more preferably used.

The polycarbonate-based resin is an engineering plastic including apolymer in which monomer units are linked by carbonate groups, and is aresin having a high level of impact resistance, heat resistance, flameretardancy, and transparency. The polycarbonate-based resin used to formsubstrate film 30 may also be, for example, a resin, called modifiedpolycarbonate, having a modified polymer skeleton for a reduction inphotoelastic coefficient, or a copolymerized polycarbonate with improvedwavelength dependence.

There are various commercially available products of thepolycarbonate-based resin. Examples of commercially available productsof the polycarbonate-based resin include Panlite (manufactured by TEIJINLIMITED), Iupilon (manufactured by Mitsubishi Engineering-PlasticsCorporation), SD POLYCA (manufactured by Sumitomo Dow Limited), andCALIBRE (manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company), all of them aretrade names.

Among the above, the polypropylene-based resin is preferably used inview of stretchability and heat resistance.

The description of the protective film is quoted herein with respect tothe cyclic polyolefin-based resin and the cellulose ester-based resinthat may be used for substrate film 30. The acyclic polyolefin-basedresin, the polyester-based resin, the (meth)acrylic resin, or thepolycarbonate-based resin described above for substrate film 30 may alsobe used to form the protective film.

Substrate film 30 may also contain any appropriate additive in additionto the thermoplastic resin. Examples of such an additive include anultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant, a lubricant, a plasticizer, arelease agent, a discoloration preventing agent, a flame retardant, anucleating agent, an antistatic agent, a pigment, and a colorant. Thecontent of the thermoplastic resin in substrate film 30 is preferably 50to 100% by weight, more preferably 50 to 99% by weight, even morepreferably 60 to 98% by weight, further more preferably 70 to 97% byweight. If the content of the thermoplastic resin in substrate film 30is less than 50% by weight, high transparency and other propertiesinherent in the thermoplastic resin may be insufficiently exhibited.

The thickness of substrate film 30 may be determined as appropriate.Generally, in view of strength and workability such as handleability,the thickness of substrate film 30 is preferably 1 to 500 μm, morepreferably 1 to 300 μm, even more preferably 5 to 200 μm, mostpreferably 5 to 150

[Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Resin-Containing Coating Liquid]

The coating liquid is preferably a polyvinyl alcohol-based resinsolution obtained by dissolving a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin power ina good solvent (e.g., water). The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin has beendescribed above in detail.

If necessary, the coating liquid may contain an additive such as aplasticizer or a surfactant. The plasticizer may be a polyol or acondensate thereof, examples of which include glycerol, diglycerol,triglycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol.The additive is preferably added in an amount less than or equal to 20%by weight of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin.

[Application of Coating Liquid and Drying of Coating Layer]

The method for applying the coating liquid to substrate film 30 may beappropriately selected from wire bar coating, roll coating such asreverse coating or gravure coating, die coating, comma coating, lipcoating, spin coating, screen coating, fountain coating, dipping,spraying, and other methods.

The coating liquid may be applied to both surfaces of substrate film 30.In this case, the coating liquid may be applied to one surface and thenthe other surface using any of the above methods, or may be appliedsimultaneously to both surfaces of substrate film 30 using dipping,spray coating, or any other special device.

The temperature and time for drying the coating layer (the polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer before drying) are selected depending on thetype of the solvent in the coating liquid. The drying temperature is,for example, 50 to 200° C., preferably 60 to 150° C. When the solventincludes water, the drying temperature is preferably higher than orequal to 80° C. The drying time is, for example, 2 to 20 minutes.

Polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 may be formed on only one or bothof the two surfaces of substrate film 30. When polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layers 6 are formed on both surfaces, curling of the film can besuppressed that would occur during the production of polarizinglaminated film 300 (see FIG. 6), and two polarizing plates can beobtained from a single piece of polarizing laminated film 300. This isalso advantageous for the polarizing plate production efficiency.

In laminated film 100, polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 preferablyhas a thickness of 3 to 30 more preferably 5 to 20 When polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer 6 has a thickness in this range, polarizer 5that is well dyed with iodine, has high polarizing performance, and hasa sufficiently small thickness less than or equal to 10 μm can beobtained through stretching step S20 and dyeing step S30 describedbelow. If polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 has a thickness greaterthan 30 μm, polarizer 5 can have a thickness greater than 10 μm. Ifpolyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 has a thickness less than 3 μm,the stretched product can be too thin and tend to have poor dyeability.

Before the coating liquid is applied, the surface of substrate film 30on which at least polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 is to be formedmay be subjected to a corona treatment, a plasma treatment, a flametreatment, or other treatments for improving the adhesion betweensubstrate film 30 and polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6.

Before the coating liquid is applied, a primer layer or an adhesivelayer may also be formed on substrate film 30 so that the adhesion canbe improved between substrate film 30 and polyvinyl alcohol-based resinlayer 6, polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 being formed on substratefilm 30 with the primer or adhesive layer interposed therebetween.

[Primer Layer]

The primer layer can be formed by applying a primer layer-formingcoating liquid to the surface of substrate film 30 and then drying thecoating. The primer layer-forming coating liquid contains a componentcapable of providing relatively strong adhesion to both substrate film30 and polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6. The primer layer-formingcoating liquid generally contains a resin component capable of providingsuch adhesion and a solvent. The resin component is preferably athermoplastic resin with a high level of transparency, thermalstability, and stretchability, such as a (meth)acrylic resin or apolyvinyl alcohol-based resin. In particular, a polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin is preferably used that provides good adhesion.

Examples of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin include polyvinyl alcoholresin and derivatives thereof. Examples of derivatives of polyvinylalcohol resin include polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl acetal, and otherderivatives obtained by modifying polyvinyl alcohol resin with olefinssuch as ethylene and propylene; derivatives obtained by modifyingpolyvinyl alcohol resin with unsaturated carboxylic acids such asacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and crotonic acid; derivatives obtainedby modifying polyvinyl alcohol resin with an alkyl ester of anunsaturated carboxylic acid; and derivatives obtained by modifyingpolyvinyl alcohol resin with acrylamide. Among the examples of thepolyvinyl alcohol-based resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin is preferablyused.

The solvent to be used is generally a common organic or aqueous solventcapable of dissolving the resin component. Examples of the solventinclude aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene;ketones such acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone;esters such as ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate; chlorinatedhydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, andchloroform; and alcohols such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and1-butanol. It should be noted that an organic solvent in the primerlayer-forming coating liquid may dissolve substrate film 30 in theprocess of forming the primer layer with the coating liquid. Therefore,the solvent should preferably be selected, also taking into account thesolubility of substrate film 30. In view of environmental impact, theprimer layer is preferably formed using a coating liquid containingwater as a solvent.

In order to increase the strength of the primer layer, a cross-linkingagent may be added to the primer layer-forming coating liquid. Thecross-linking agent may be any appropriate one selected from organic,inorganic, and other known cross-linking agents, depending on the typeof the thermoplastic resin used. The cross-linking agent may be, forexample, an epoxy cross-linking agent, an isocyanate cross-linkingagent, a dialdehyde cross-linking agent, or a metal-based cross-linkingagent.

The epoxy cross-linking agent may be any of a one-component curing typeand a two-component curing type. Examples thereof include ethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerindi- or tri-glycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether,trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, diglycidyl aniline, and diglycidylamine.

Examples of the isocyanate cross-linking agent include tolylenediisocyanate, hydrogenated tolylene diisocyanate,trimethylolpropane-tolylene diisocyanate adducts, triphenylmethanetriisocyanate, methylenebis(4-phenylmethane) triisocyanate, isophoronediisocyanate, and ketoxime- or phenol-blocked products thereof.

Examples of the dialdehyde cross-linking agent include glyoxal,malondialdehyde, succindialdehyde, glutardialdehyde, maleindialdehyde,and phthaldialdehyde.

Examples of the metal-based cross-linking agent include metal salts,metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and organometallic compounds. Examplesof metal salts, metal oxides, and metal hydroxides include salts,oxides, and hydroxides of di- or polyvalent metals such as magnesium,calcium, aluminum, iron, nickel, zirconium, titanium, silicon, boron,zinc, copper, vanadium, chromium, and tin.

The organometallic compound is a compound having at least oneintramolecular structure in which an organic group is bonded directly toa metal atom or bonded to a metal atom with an oxygen atom, a nitrogenatom, or any other atom interposed therebetween. The organic group meansa monovalent or polyvalent group containing at least a carbon element,such as an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or an acyl group. The term“bond” is intended to include not only covalent bonding but alsocoordinate bonding such as that in chelate compounds.

Preferred examples of the organometallic compound include organotitaniumcompounds, organozirconium compounds, organoaluminum compounds, andorganosilicon compounds. One organometallic compound may be used alone,or two or more organometallic compounds may be used in combination.

Examples of organotitanium compounds include titanium orthoesters suchas tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, butyl titanatedimer, tetra(2-ethylhexyl) titanate, and tetramethyl titanate; titaniumchelates such as titanium acetylacetonate, titaniumtetraacetylacetonate, polytitanium acetylacetonate, titaniumoctyleneglycolate, titanium lactate, titanium triethanolaminate, andtitanium ethylacetoacetate; and titanium acylates such aspolyhydroxytitanium stearate.

Examples of organozirconium compounds include zirconium n-propionate,zirconium n-butyrate, zirconium tetraacetylacetonate, zirconiummonoacetylacetonate, zirconium bisacetylacetonate, and zirconiumacetylacetonate bisethylacetoacetate.

Examples of organoaluminum compounds include aluminum acetylacetonateand aluminum organic acid chelates. Examples of organosilicon compoundsinclude compounds in which the ligands listed above for theorganotitanium compounds and the organozirconium compounds are bonded tosilicon.

Besides the low-molecular-weight cross-linking agents shown above, apolymer cross-linking agent may also be used, such as a methylolatedmelamine resin or a polyamide epoxy resin. Examples of commerciallyavailable products of the polyamide epoxy resin include Sumirez Resin650 (30) and Sumirez Resin 675 (all trade names) available from TaokaChemical Co., Ltd.

When a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is used as a resin component toform the primer layer, a polyamide epoxy resin, a methylolated melamineresin, a dialdehyde cross-linking agent, or a metal chelate compoundcross-linking agent is preferably used as the cross-linking agent.

The contents of the resin component and the cross-linking agent in theprimer layer-forming coating liquid may be as follows. Based on 100parts by weight of the resin component, the amount of the cross-linkingagent may be appropriately determined, depending on the type of theresin component or the cross-linking agent, in the range of about 0.1 toabout 100 parts by weight, preferably in the range of about 0.1 to about50 parts by weight. The primer layer-forming coating liquid ispreferably prepared so as to have a solid concentration of about 1 toabout 25% by weight.

The primer layer preferably has a thickness of about 0.05 to about 1 μm,more preferably 0.1 to 0.4 μm. The primer layer with a thickness lessthan 0.05 μm will be less effective in improving the adhesion betweensubstrate film 30 and polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6. The primerlayer with a thickness greater than 1 μm is disadvantageous for thereduction of the thickness of the polarizing plate.

The primer layer-forming coating liquid may be applied to substrate film30 by the same method as for the polyvinyl alcohol-based resinlayer-forming coating liquid. The primer layer is applied to the surfaceto which the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer-forming coating liquidis to be applied (one or both surfaces of substrate film 30). Thetemperature and time for drying the coating layer of the primerlayer-forming coating liquid are selected depending on the type of thesolvent in the coating liquid. The drying temperature is, for example,50 to 200° C., preferably 60 to 150° C. When the solvent contains water,the drying temperature is preferably higher than or equal to 80° C. Thedrying time is, for example, 30 seconds to 20 minutes.

When the primer layer is provided, the steps of forming coatings onsubstrate film 30 may be performed in any order. For example, theprocess of forming polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layers 6 on bothsurfaces of substrate film 30 may include forming the primer layers onboth surfaces of substrate film 30 and then forming polyvinylalcohol-based resin layers 6 on both sides. Alternatively, the primerlayer and polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 may be sequentiallyformed on one surface of substrate film 30, and then the primer layerand polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 may be sequentially formed onthe other surface of substrate film 30.

(2) Stretching Step S20

Referring to FIG. 5, this step includes stretching laminated film 100including substrate film 30 and polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 toobtain a stretched film 200 including a stretched substrate film 30′ anda stretched polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6′. The stretching isgenerally uniaxial stretching.

The stretch ratio to which laminated film 100 is stretched may beselected, as appropriate, depending on the desired polarizingproperties. The stretch ratio is preferably from more than 5 to lessthan or equal to 17, more preferably from more than 5 to less than orequal to 8, relative to the original length of laminated film 100. Ifthe stretch ratio is less than or equal to 5, polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layer 6 may fail to be sufficiently oriented so that polarizer 5may fail to have a sufficiently high degree of polarization. On theother hand, if the stretch ratio exceeds 17, the film can be easilybroken during the stretching, and stretched film 200 may be thinner thannecessary so that it may have lower workability and handleability inlater steps.

The stretching is not limited to single-stage stretching and may bemulti-stage stretching. In this case, all stretching stages may becontinuously performed before dyeing step S30, or second and laterstretching stages may be performed simultaneously with a dyeingtreatment and/or a cross-linking treatment in dyeing step S30. When suchmulti-stage stretching is performed, the stretching is preferablyperformed in such a way that the total of the stretch ratios in allstretching stages reaches more than 5.

The stretching may be longitudinal stretching that is performed in thelongitudinal direction of the film (the film feed direction), transversestretching that is performed in the widthwise direction of the film, oroblique stretching. The longitudinal stretching manner may be stretchingbetween rolls that is performed using rolls, compressing stretching,stretching with chucks (clips), or the like. The transverse stretchingmanner may be tentering or the like. The stretching may be performedusing any of a wet stretching method and a dry stretching method. A drystretching method is preferably used in the point that the stretchingtemperature can be selected in a wide range.

The stretching temperature is set to higher than or equal to thetemperature at which polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 and substratefilm 30 have such a level of fluidity that they can be entirelystretched. The stretching temperature is preferably in the range ofphase transition temperature (melting point or glass transitiontemperature) of substrate film 30 −30° C. to phase transitiontemperature +30° C., more preferably in the range of phase transitiontemperature −30° C. to phase transition temperature +5° C., even morepreferably in the range of phase transition temperature −25° C. to phasetransition temperature +0° C. When substrate film 30 is composed of twoor more resin layers, the phase transition temperature means the highestof the phase transition temperatures of the two or more resin layers.

If the stretching temperature is lower than phase transition temperature−30° C., it may be difficult to achieve a high stretch ratio greaterthan 5, or substrate film 30 may have too low fluidity and tend to bedifficult to be stretched. If the stretching temperature exceeds phasetransition temperature +30° C., substrate film 30 may have too highfluidity and tend to be difficult to be stretched. The stretchingtemperature is more preferably higher than or equal to 120° C. in theabove range, so that a high stretch ratio greater than 5 can be moreeasily achieved. This is because when the stretching temperature ishigher than or equal to 120° C., the stretching can be performed with nodifficulty even to a high stretch ratio greater than 5.

The method of heating laminated film 100 in the stretching may be a zoneheating method (e.g., a method of heating in a stretching zone, such asa heating furnace, into which hot air is blown and which is adjusted toa certain temperature); a method of heating rolls that are used for thestretching; or a heater heating method (a method of heating with radiantheat from infrared heaters, halogen heaters, panel haters, or otherheaters placed above and below laminated film 100). In the method ofstretching between rolls, the zone heating method is preferred in viewof stretching temperature uniformity. In this case, two nip roll pairsmay be placed in a temperature controlled stretching zone or outside thestretching zone. Preferably, the two nip roll pairs are placed outsidethe stretching zone in order to prevent sticking between laminated film100 and nip rolls.

In the case of the zone heating method, the stretching temperature meansthe temperature of the atmosphere in the zone (e.g., in a heatingfurnace). When heating is performed in a furnace in the heater heatingmethod, the stretching temperature also means the temperature of theatmosphere in the furnace. In the method of heating rolls, thestretching temperature means the temperature of the roll surface.

A preheating step of preheating laminated film 100 may be performedbefore stretching step S20. The preheating method may be the same as theheating method in the stretching. When the stretching manner isstretching between rolls, the preheating may be performed at any timebefore, while, or after the film passes between nip rolls on theupstream side. When the stretching manner is hot roll stretching, thepreheating is preferably performed at a time before the film passesbetween hot rolls. When the stretching manner is stretching with chucks,the preheating is preferably performed at a time before the distancebetween the chucks is widened. The preheating temperature is preferablyin the range of stretching temperature −50° C. to stretching temperature±0° C., more preferably in the range of stretching temperature −40° C.to stretching temperature −10° C.

After the stretching in stretching step S20, a heat setting step may beperformed. The heat setting is a process of heating stretched film 200at a temperature higher than or equal to the crystallization temperaturewhile the ends of stretched film 200 are held under tension with clips.The heat setting facilitates the crystallization of polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer 6′. The heat setting temperature is preferablyin the range of stretching temperature −80° C. to stretching temperature−0° C., more preferably the range of stretching temperature −50° C. tostretching temperature −0° C.

(3) Dyeing Step S30

Referring to FIG. 6, this step includes dyeing polyvinyl alcohol-basedresin layer 6′ of stretched film 200 with iodine and adsorbing andorienting the iodine to form polarizer 5. After this step, a polarizinglaminated film 300 including substrate film 30′ and polarizer 5 disposedon one or both surfaces thereof is obtained.

The dyeing step may be performed by immersing the whole of stretchedfilm 200 in an iodine-containing solution (dyeing solution). The dyeingsolution may be a solution obtained by dissolving iodine in a solvent.Water is generally used as the solvent for the dyeing solution. Anorganic solvent miscible with water may be further added to water. Thedyeing solution preferably has an iodine concentration of 0.01 to 10% byweight, more preferably 0.02 to 7% by weight, even more preferably 0.025to 5% by weight.

An iodide is preferably further added to the iodine-containing dyeingsolution so that the efficiency of dyeing with iodine can be furtherimproved. Examples of the iodide include potassium iodide, lithiumiodide, sodium iodide, zinc iodide, aluminum iodide, lead iodide, copperiodide, barium iodide, calcium iodide, tin iodide, and titanium iodide.The dyeing solution preferably has an iodide concentration of 0.01 to20% by weight. Among the iodides, potassium iodide is preferably added.When potassium iodide is added, the weight ratio of iodine to potassiumiodide is preferably in the range of 1:5 to 1:100, more preferably inthe range of 1:6 to 1:80, even more preferably in the range of 1:7 to1:70.

Stretched film 200 is generally immersed in the dyeing solution for atime period in the range of 15 seconds to 15 minutes, preferably 30seconds to 3 minutes. The temperature of the dyeing solution ispreferably in the range of 10 to 60° C., more preferably in the range of20 to 40° C.

Dyeing step S30 may also be performed before stretching step S20, orthese steps may also be performed at the same time. However, dyeing stepS30 is preferably performed after at least a certain level of stretchingis performed on laminated film 100 so that iodine can be well orientedwhen adsorbed in the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer. Specifically,dyeing step S30 may be performed on stretched film 200 obtained byperforming stretching until the target ratio is attained in stretchingstep S20, or stretching may be performed to a ratio lower than thetarget in stretching step S20, and then stretching may also be performedin dyeing step S30 until the total stretch ratio reaches the targetratio. The latter mode may be a process 1) that includes performingstretching to a ratio lower than the target in stretching step S20 andthen performing stretching during the dyeing treatment in dyeing stepS30 in such a way that the total stretch ratio reaches the target ratio.When a cross-linking treatment is performed after the dyeing treatmentas described below, the latter mode may also be a process 2) thatincludes performing stretching to a ratio lower than the target instretching step S20, then performing stretching to such an extent thatthe total stretch ratio is still lower than the target ratio, during thedyeing treatment in dyeing step S30, and then performing stretchingduring the cross-linking treatment in such a way that the total stretchratio finally reaches the target ratio.

Dyeing step S30 may include a cross-linking treatment step that followsthe dyeing treatment. The cross-linking treatment may be performed byimmersing the dyed film in a cross-linking agent-containing solution(cross-linking solution). A conventionally known material may be used asthe cross-linking agent, examples of which include boric acid, a boroncompound such as borax, glyoxal, and glutaraldehyde. One cross-linkingagent may be used alone, or two or more cross-linking agents may be usedin combination.

The cross-linking solution may be specifically a solution obtained bydissolving a cross-linking agent in a solvent. For example, water may beused as the solvent. In addition to water, the solvent may furthercontain an organic solvent miscible with water. The concentration of thecross-linking agent in the cross-linking solution is preferably in therange of 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably in the range of 6 to 15% byweight.

The cross-linking solution may contain an iodide. The addition of aniodide allows polarizer 5 to have more uniform in-plane polarizationperformance. Examples of the iodide include potassium iodide, lithiumiodide, sodium iodide, zinc iodide, aluminum iodide, lead iodide, copperiodide, barium iodide, calcium iodide, tin iodide, and titanium iodide.The cross-linking solution preferably has an iodide concentration of0.05 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 8% by weight.

The dyed film is generally immersed in the cross-linking solution for atime period of 15 seconds to 20 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to 15minutes. The temperature of the cross-linking solution is preferably inthe range of 10 to 90° C.

The cross-linking agent may be added to the dyeing solution so that thecross-linking treatment can be performed simultaneously with the dyeingtreatment. The stretching may also be performed during the cross-linkingtreatment. A specific mode in which stretching is performed during thecross-linking treatment is as described above. The treatment ofimmersion in the cross-linking solution may also be performed twice ormore using two or more cross-linking solutions with differentcompositions.

After dyeing step S30, a washing step and a drying step are preferablyperformed before first bonding step S40 described below. The washingstep generally includes a water washing step. The water washingtreatment may be performed by immersing the dyed or cross-linked film inpure water such as ion-exchanged water or distilled water. The waterwashing temperature is generally in the range of 3 to 50° C., preferablyin the range of 4 to 20° C. The time period of immersion in water isgenerally 2 to 300 seconds, preferably 3 to 240 seconds.

The washing step may be a combination of the water washing step and thestep of washing with an iodide solution. The washing liquid for use inthe water washing step and/or the step of washing with an iodidesolution may contain water and optionally a liquid alcohol such asmethanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol, or propanol.

The drying step performed after the washing step may use any appropriatemethod such as air drying, air blow drying, or drying by heating. Forexample, in the case of drying by heating, the drying temperature isgenerally 20 to 95° C., and the drying time is generally about 1 toabout 15 minutes. After the steps described above, polarizing laminatedfilm 300 having polarizer 5 is obtained.

(4) First Bonding Step S40

Referring to FIG. 7, this step includes bonding a first protective film10 onto polarizer 5 of polarizing laminated film 300, specificallybonding first protective film 10 to the surface of polarizer 5 oppositeto its substrate film 30′ side, to obtain a laminate film 400. Whenpolarizing laminated film 300 has polarizers 5 on both surfaces ofsubstrate film 30′, first protective films 10 are generally bonded toboth polarizers 5, respectively. In this case, first protective films 10may be of the same or different types.

First protective film 10 may be bonded to polarizer 5 with a firstadhesive layer 15 interposed therebetween. The adhesive used to formfirst adhesive layer 15 and the method of bonding the protective filmand polarizer 5 together with the adhesive are as described above. Firstprotective film 10 and polarizer 5 may also be bonded with the abovepressure-sensitive adhesive layer interposed therebetween.

Before first protective film 10 is bonded to polarizer 5, the polarizer5-side surface of first protective film 10 may be subjected to a surfacetreatment (adhesion promoting treatment) such as a plasma treatment, acorona treatment, an ultraviolet irradiation treatment, a flametreatment, or a saponification treatment in order to have improvedadhesion to polarizer 5. In particular, a plasma treatment, a coronatreatment, or a saponification treatment is preferably performed. Forexample, when first protective film 10 includes a cyclicpolyolefin-based resin, a plasma treatment or a corona treatment isgenerally performed. When first protective film 10 includes a celluloseester-based resin, a saponification treatment is generally performed.The saponification treatment may be a method of immersing the film in anaqueous solution of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxide.

(5) Peeling Step S50

This step includes peeling off substrate film 30′ from laminate film 400obtained after first protective film 10 is bonded. After this step, asingle side protective film-bearing polarizing plate 2 is obtained inwhich first protective film 10 is disposed on one surface of polarizer 5as shown in FIG. 2. When polarizing laminated film 300 has polarizers 5on both surfaces of substrate film 30′ and first protective films 10 arebonded to both polarizers 5, two pieces of single side protectivefilm-bearing polarizing plates 2 are obtained from a single piece ofpolarizing laminated film 300 after peeling step S50.

The method of peeling off substrate film 30′ is not particularlylimited. Substrate film 30′ can be peeled off by the same method as inthe step of peeling off a separator (release film) that is performed ona common pressure-sensitive adhesive-bearing polarizing plate. Substratefilm 30′ may be peeled off immediately after first bonding step S40.Alternatively, after first bonding step S40, the film may be wound intoa roll, and then substrate film 30′ may be peeled off while the roll isunwound in a later step.

(6) Second Bonding Step S60

This step includes bonding a second protective film 20 to polarizer 5 ofsingle side protective film-bearing polarizing plate 2, specificallybonding second protective film 20 to the surface opposite to the surfaceto which first protective film 10 is bonded in first bonding step S40,to obtain a double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate 1 asshown in FIG. 1.

Second protective film 20 may be bonded to polarizer 5 with a secondadhesive layer 25 interposed therebetween. The adhesive used to formsecond adhesive layer 25 and the method of bonding the protective filmand polarizer 5 together with the adhesive are as described above.Second protective film 20 and polarizer 5 may also be bonded with theabove pressure-sensitive adhesive layer interposed therebetween. Thedescription of first bonding step S40 is quoted herein with respect tothe surface treatment (adhesion promoting treatment) for bonding secondprotective film 20.

(7) Control of Retardation Properties of Polarizer

In the production method described above, examples of the method forpreparing the polarizer having the specific retardation propertiesaccording to the invention include, but are not particularly limited to,a method of controlling the stretching conditions in the stretching stepand a method of controlling the dyeing conditions in the dyeing step.

In the method of controlling the stretching conditions in the stretchingstep, stretching needs to be performed as mildly as possible, andstretching needs to be performed in such a way that the amorphous layeris oriented as highly as possible. In other words, conditions forexclusively and significantly growing crystals are not preferred.Therefore, the temperature conditions in the stretching step ispreferably as low as possible. In particular, it is preferable not toperform stretching at higher than or equal to 170° C. where polyvinylalcohol resin can crystallize significantly. When a polyvinylalcohol-based resin thin film is handled as in the invention, carefuloperation is necessary, because heat can be abruptly appliedparticularly to such a thin film, so that the crystallinity of such athin film can increase more sharply than that of a film with a normalthickness even when the conditions used are intended to be mild.

Multi-stage stretching may be performed. In this case, if a low-ratiostretching stage is performed at a high temperature, crystallization canoccur preferentially over orientation by stretching. In particular,therefore, a low-ratio stretching stage is preferably performed at a lowtemperature. Specifically, stretching to a stretch ratio less than orequal to 2 is preferably performed at lower than or equal to 150° C.,more preferably at lower than or equal to 140° C. In addition,stretching to a stretch ratio greater than or equal to 2 is alsopreferably performed at lower than or equal to 150° C. On the otherhand, in final or near-final stretching, a zone at 150° C. to 170° C. isprovided, in which heat is preferably applied for a short period oftime. This can fix the orientation. In this case, since heat is appliedin final or near-final stretching, the amorphous part can be alreadyoriented enough, so that lamellar crystal growth will be less likely tooccur and a problem will hardly occur. This is advantageous in that theorientation of the amorphous part can be fixed by hydrogen bonding. Inthis regard, any zone in which heat is applied at a temperature higherthan 150° C. should preferably be as short as possible because such azone can degrade the dyeability.

The most preferred stretching method may be as follows. In a stage orstages where the stretch ratio is less than or equal to 2, stretching isperformed at a temperature of 90 to 140° C. In a stage or stages wherethe stretch ratio is greater than or equal to 2, stretching is performedat a temperature of 100 to 150° C. In the final stretching stage,heating at a temperature higher than or equal to 50° C. is performed fora short time less than or equal to 30 seconds However, this stretchingmethod is not limited to the above method.

In addition, it is not necessary to complete all stretching stages inthe stretching step. A method that includes performing stretching onlyto a low stretch ratio in the stretching step and further performingstretching in the dyeing step is also very effective. In this case,there is the advantage that crystallization does not occur so much inthe stretching step, so that the orientation of the amorphous part canbe efficiently increased in the dyeing step.

In the stretching step, therefore, crystallization is prevented at astage where the orientation of polyvinyl alcohol is low, so that thelamellar crystal content can be reduced. As a result, the orientation ofthe amorphous part can be increased, so that a polyvinyl alcohol-iodinecomplex having a long-wavelength absorption band, which is in turnimportant for the suppression of red discoloration, can be formed in anadvantageous manner. In this regard, however, since actual formation ofthe complex is controlled by the dyeing step, the specific retardationproperties according to the invention would be difficult to be achievedonly by the control in the stretching step. Therefore, the optimizationin the dyeing step shown below is also important.

In the dyeing step, it is important not only to allow iodine toefficiently enter the film but also to prevent the degradation of theorientation of polyvinyl alcohol as much as possible. In the dyeingstep, the film can be efficiently impregnated with iodine by beingimmersed for a short time in a dyeing solution containing iodine at ahigh concentration. Specifically, the concentration of iodine in thedyeing solution is preferably greater than or equal to 6 mM, morepreferably greater than or equal to 8 mM. The concentration is even morepreferably greater than or equal to 10 mM, and the treatment ispreferably performed for a short period of time.

In this case, it is also important to continue applying a tension in thestretching direction to the film so that relaxation of the orientationcan be prevented. The tension per 1 m width applied in the stretchingdirection to the film is preferably greater than or equal to 100 N, morepreferably greater than or equal to 200 N, most preferably greater thanor equal to 300 N.

In the subsequent cross-linking treatment, relaxation of the orientationof polyvinyl alcohol can be prevented by efficiently performingcross-linking with boric acid at a stage as early as possible. For thispurpose, it is effective to perform the cross-linking by using two ormore cross-linking solutions with different compositions. Specifically,at least the first-stage cross-linking chamber preferably contains across-linking solution containing 0 to 3 parts by weight of an iodide(such as potassium iodide) based on 100 parts by weight of water. Whenthe iodide content is reduced, crosslinking with a cross-linking agent(such as boric acid) can be efficiently performed at an early stage ofthe cross-linking treatment. This makes it possible to suppressrelaxation of the orientation of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin in ahigh-temperature chemical solution. In order to control the hue, thesecond or later stage cross-linking chamber may contain a cross-linkingsolution containing greater than or equal to 3 parts by weight of aniodide based on 100 parts by weight of water.

At this stage, it is also important to maintain a tension in thestretching direction on the film. The tension per 1 m width in thestretching direction on the film is preferably greater than or equal to200 N, more preferably greater than or equal to 300 N, most preferablygreater than or equal to 400 N.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the invention will be more specifically described withreference to examples and comparative examples, but the invention is notlimited these examples and comparative examples.

Example 1 (1) Primer Layer Forming Step

A polyvinyl alcohol powder (Z-200 manufactured by The Nippon SyntheticChemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1,100 in average polymerization degree,99.5 mol % in saponification degree) was dissolved in hot water at 95°C. to form a 3% by weight polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution. A primerlayer-forming coating liquid was obtained by mixing the resultingaqueous solution and a cross-linking agent (Sumirez Resin 650manufactured by Taoka Chemical Co., Ltd.) in such a way that the weightratio of the crosslinking agent to the polyvinyl alcohol powder was 5 to6.

Subsequently, a 90-μm-thick unstretched polypropylene (PP) film (meltingpoint: 163° C.) was provided as a substrate film, and one surface of thefilm was subjected to a corona treatment. Subsequently, the primerlayer-forming coating liquid was applied to the corona-treated surfaceusing a micro-gravure coater, and then dried at 80° C. for 10 minutes toform a 0.2-μm-thick primer layer.

(2) Preparation of Laminated Film (Resin Layer Forming Step)

A polyvinyl alcohol powder (PVA 124 manufactured by KURARAY CO., LTD.,2,400 in average polymerization degree, 98.0-99.0 mol % insaponification degree) was dissolved in hot water at 95° C. to form an8% by weight polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution, and this was used as apolyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer-forming coating liquid.

Using a lip coater, the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer-formingcoating liquid was applied to the surface of the primer layer on thesubstrate film prepared in step (1). The coating was then dried at 80°C. for 20 minutes to form a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer 6 on theprimer layer, so that a laminated film composed of the substrate film,the primer layer, and the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer wasobtained.

(3) Preparation of Stretched Film (Stretching Step)

Using a floating longitudinal uniaxial stretching machine, the laminatedfilm prepared in step (2) was stretched to 2.0 times at 100° C., thensubjected to free-end uniaxial stretching to 5.8 times at 140° C., andfinally heat-treated at 160° C. for 10 seconds to form a stretched film.After the stretching, the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer had athickness of 6.5

(4) Preparation of Polarizing Laminated Film (Dyeing Step)

The polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer was dyed by immersing thestretched film prepared in step (3) for about 180 seconds in a dyeingaqueous solution at 30° C. containing iodine and potassium iodide(containing 0.6 parts by weight of iodine and 10 parts by weight ofpotassium iodide based on 100 parts by weight of water). During thisstep, the tension in the stretching direction was kept at 600 N per 1 mwidth.

Subsequently, the dyed film was immersed for 120 seconds in a firstcross-linking aqueous solution at 78° C. containing boric acid(containing 9.5 parts by weight of boric acid based on 100 parts byweight of water) and then immersed for 60 seconds in a secondcross-linking aqueous solution at 70° C. containing boric acid andpotassium iodide (containing 9.5 parts by weight of boric acid and 4parts by weight of potassium iodide based on 100 parts by weight ofwater) so that a cross-linking treatment was performed. Subsequently,the film was washed with pure water at 10° C. for 10 seconds and finallydried at 40° C. for 300 seconds. During this step, the tension in thestretching direction was kept at 1,000 N per 1 m width. As a result ofthe above steps, a polarizing laminated film composed of the substratefilm, the primer layer, and a polarizer was obtained.

(5) Preparation of Double Side Protective Films-Bearing Polarizing Plate(First Bonding Step, Peeling Step, Second Bonding Step)

A polyvinyl alcohol powder (KL-318 manufactured by KURARAY CO., LTD.,1,800 in average polymerization degree) was dissolved in hot water at95° C. to form a 3% by weight polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution. Anaqueous adhesive solution was prepared by mixing the resulting aqueoussolution and a cross-linking agent (Sumirez Resin 650 manufactured byTaoka Chemical Co., Ltd.) in such a way that the weight ratio of thecrosslinking agent to the polyvinyl alcohol powder was 1 to 2.

Subsequently, after the aqueous adhesive solution was applied to thepolarizer of the polarizing laminated film prepared in step (4), a firstprotective film [KC4UY manufactured by Konica Minolta Opto Co., Ltd. (atransparent protective film made of triacetylcellulose (TAC)] havingundergone saponification was bonded to the bonding surface. The filmswere then pressure-bonded by being allowed to pass between a pair ofbonding rolls. Subsequently, the resulting laminate was dried in an ovenat 80° C. for 2 minutes so that the first protective film was bondedonto the polarizer layer. The resulting laminate film had a layeredstructure composed of the first protective film, the adhesive layer, thepolarizer, the primer layer, and the substrate film (first bondingstep).

Subsequently, the substrate film was peeled off from the resultinglaminate film (peeling step). The substrate film was easily peeled off,so that a single side protective film-bearing polarizing plate wasobtained having a layered structure composed of the first protectivefilm, the adhesive layer, the polarizer, and the primer layer.

Finally, a second protective film [ZF14 manufactured by Zeon Corporation(a transparent protective film made of a cyclic polyolefin-based resin)]with a bonding surface having undergone a corona treatment was bonded,with an ultraviolet-curable adhesive, to the surface of the resultingsingle side protective film-bearing polarizing plate opposite to itsfirst protective film-side surface. The adhesive layer was then cured byultraviolet irradiation, so that a double side protective films-bearingpolarizing plate was obtained having a layered structure composed of thefirst protective film, the adhesive layer, the polarizer, the primerlayer, the adhesive layer, and the second protective film.

Example 2

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the tension in the dyeingtreatment and the tension in the cross-linking treatment were changed to300 N and 600 N, respectively.

Example 3

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that a cross-linking aqueoussolution containing 9.5 parts by weight of boric acid and 2 parts byweight of potassium iodide based on 100 parts by weight of water wasused instead of the first cross-linking aqueous solution (containing 9.5parts by weight of boric acid based on 100 parts by weight of water).

Example 4

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the stretching step wasperformed in such a way that the film was stretched to 2.0 times at 140°C., then subjected to free-end uniaxial stretching to 5.8 times at 150°C., and finally heat-treated at 160° C. for 10 seconds.

Example 5

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the stretching step wasperformed in such a way that the film was stretched to 2.0 times at 140°C., then subjected to free-end uniaxial stretching to 5.8 times at 160°C., and finally heat-treated at 160° C. for 10 seconds.

Comparative Example 1

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the stretching step wasperformed in such a way that the film was stretched to 2.0 times at 170°C., then subjected to free-end uniaxial stretching to 5.8 times at thesame temperature of 170° C., and finally heat-treated at 160° C. for 10seconds.

Comparative Example 2

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the stretching step wasperformed in such a way that the film was stretched to 2.0 times at 170°C., then subjected to free-end uniaxial stretching to 5.8 times at 160°C., and finally heat-treated at 160° C. for 10 seconds.

Comparative Example 3

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that the tension in the dyeingtreatment and the tension in the cross-linking treatment were changed to50 N and 80 N, respectively. After the dyeing, the polarizer wasobserved to be partially dissolved. Relaxation of the orientation wasalso visually observed during the dyeing step.

Comparative Example 4

A double side protective films-bearing polarizing plate was prepared inthe same manner as in Example 1, except that a cross-linking aqueoussolution containing 9.5 parts by weight of boric acid and 10 parts byweight of potassium iodide based on 100 parts by weight of water wasused instead of the first cross-linking aqueous solution (containing 9.5parts by weight of boric acid based on 100 parts by weight of water).

[Measurement of Retardation and Polarizing Properties and Evaluation ofRed Discoloration in Heat Resistance Test]

(1) Measurement of Retardation of Polarizer

The first protective film (triacetylcellulose) of the polarizing plateobtained in each of the examples and the comparative examples wasdissolved with methylene chloride, and the second protective film(cyclic polyolefin-based resin) was dissolved with cyclohexane, so thatthe polarizer was isolated. The resulting polarizer was measured forRpva and Ri values at a wavelength of 1,000 nm using a retardationanalyzer (KOBRA-WPR/IR manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments Co.,Ltd.).

(2) Measurement of Polarizing Properties of Polarizer

The polarizer obtained in each of the examples and the comparativeexamples (in the form of the polarizing laminated film before thebonding of the protective film) was measured for visibility correctionsingle transmittance (Ty) and visibility correction degree (Py) ofpolarization using an absorption photometer (V7100 manufactured by JASCOCorporation). Table 1 shows the results. In the measurement, thepolarizing laminated film was so set that light was incident on itspolarizer side.

(3) Evaluation of Red Discoloration of Polarizing Plate in HeatResistance Test

Two 10-cm-long strip samples were cut from the double side protectivefilms-bearing polarizing plate obtained in each of the examples and thecomparative examples. These samples were bonded to both surfaces of aglass sheet with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. In this process, thesecond protective film ZF14 side was located on the glass sheet side,and the samples were placed in a crossed Nicols arrangement on bothsurfaces. The glass sheet with the samples bonded thereto was stored inan oven at 85° C. for 500 hours, then taken out of the oven, andvisually evaluated for red discoloration on a backlight in a dark room.The level of red discoloration was evaluated using the indices shownbelow. Lv1 to Lv3 were evaluated as being acceptable. Table 1 shows theresults.

Lv1: A level at which no red discoloration is observed at all.

Lv2: A level at which a deep-black state is maintained with no visiblered discoloration.

Lv3: A level at which almost no red discoloration is observed althoughthe color looks slightly lighter than that before the heat resistancetest.

Lv4: A level at which the color entirely changes to reddish.

Lv5: A level at which the color completely changes to red.

TABLE 1 Stretching temperature (° C.) Amount of To 2 times/to KI inPolarizing plate TAC/PVA/COP Red greater than or Tension (N)cross-linking Initial discoloration equal to 2 timesDyeing/cross-linking chamber 1 Ri Rpva Ri/Rpva Ty Py Lv Example 1100/140 600/1000 0 parts 164.7 342.1 0.482 41.6 99.9964 Lv1 Example 2100/140 300/600  0 parts 161.7 344.5 0.469 41.4 99.9956 Lv2 Example 3100/140 600/1000 2 parts 164.6 341.5 0.482 41.6 99.9980 Lv1 Example 4140/150 600/1000 0 parts 155.6 347.7 0.448 41.4 99.9967 Lv2 Example 5140/160 600/1000 0 parts 136.3 343.1 0.397 41.8 99.9942 Lv3 Comparative170/170 600/1000 0 parts 132.1 372.1 0.355 41.7 99.9950 Lv5 Example 1Comparative 170/160 600/1000 0 parts 136.5 380.6 0.359 41.6 99.9962 Lv4Example 2 Comparative 100/140 50/80  0 parts 118.1 320.5 0.368 42.299.9880 Lv5 Example 3 Comparative 100/140 600/1000 10 parts  133.1 358.90.371 41.7 99.9952 Lv4 Example 4

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

1 polarizing plate, 2 single side protective film-bearing polarizingplate, 5 polarizer, 10 first protective film, 15 first adhesive layer,20 second protective film, 25 second adhesive layer, 6 polyvinylalcohol-based resin layer, 6′ stretched polyvinyl alcohol-based resinlayer, 30 substrate film, 30′ stretched substrate film, 100 laminatedfilm, 200 stretched film, 300 polarizing laminated film, 400 laminatefilm.

1. A polarizer, comprising: a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer; and iodine adsorbed and oriented in the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin layer, the polarizer having a thickness less than or equal to 10 μm and a ratio of a retardation of iodine to a retardation of polyvinyl alcohol greater than or equal to 0.38 at a wavelength of 1000 nm, the retardation of polyvinyl alcohol and the retardation of iodine being values determined from fitting parameters that are obtained by fitting retardation values at a wavelength greater than or equal to 850 nm to the Sellmeier formula by least squares method, and the polarizer having a visibility correction single transmittance greater than or equal to 40.0% and a visibility correction degree of polarization greater than or equal to 99.9942%.
 2. A polarizing plate comprising the polarizer according to claim
 1. 3. The polarizing plate according to claim 2, further comprising a protective film bonded to at least one surface of the polarizer.
 4. The polarizer according to claim 1, wherein the visibility correction single transmittance is greater than or equal to 41.4%.
 5. The polarizer according to claim 1, wherein the retardation of polyvinyl alcohol is greater than or equal to 341.5 nm.
 6. The polarizer according to claim 1, wherein the retardation of iodine is greater than or equal to 136.3 nm. 